Ancient farming boosted plant diversity, but modern agriculture reversed it - Earth.com - 世界杯竞猜

A new study has found that as farming spread across ancient Europe, plant diversity rose rather than fell. Researchers reading pollen buried in Swiss lake mud tracked the pattern over roughly 7,000 years, and found the land grew richer in species as agriculture expanded. The reversal hints that today’s losses may not be permanent, because diversity rebounded each time earlier societies returned to varied, small-scale farming. The record comes from three lakes on the Swiss Plateau, a fertile lowland north of the Alps that has been farmed for thousands of years. He sampled the cores in thin slices, dissolved away everything but the pollen, and counted 500 grains under a microscope for each one, identifying the plants they came from. Across the three sites he worked through more than 2,000 samples, anchored in time by over 220 radiocarbon dates and, in places, by sediment layers that each formed in a single year.

But I must explain to you how all this mistaken idea of denouncing pleasure and praising pain was born and I will give you a complete account of the system, and expound the actual teachings of the great explorer of the truth, the master-builder of human happiness. No one rejects, dislikes, or avoids pleasure itself, because it is pleasure, but because those who do not know how to pursue pleasure rationally encounter consequences that are extremely painful.

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In a free hour when our power of choice is untrammelled and when nothing prevents our being able to do what we like best, every pleasure is to be welcomed and every pain avoided. But in certain circumstances and owing to the claims of duty or the obligations of business it will frequently occur that pleasures have to be repudiated and annoyances accepted. The wise man therefore always holds in these matters to this principle of selection.

Power of choice is untrammelled and when nothing prevents our being able to do what we like best, every pleasure is to be welcomed and every pain avoided. But in certain circumstances and owing to the claims of duty or the obligations of business it will frequently occur that pleasures have to be repudiated and annoyances accepted. The wise man therefore always holds in these matters to this principle of selection.